Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Volume 24, Issue 2 , Pages 129-137 , April 2010

Vulvovaginitis in childhood

  • Metella Dei, MD

      Affiliations

    • Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +39 055218844 FAX +39 055 214753.
    • ,
  • Floriana Di Maggio, MD

      Affiliations

    • Adolescenbt Health Services, Naples, Italy
    • ,
  • Gilda Di Paolo, MD

      Affiliations

    • Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Service, Teramo, Italy
    • ,
  • Vincenzina Bruni (Prof)

      Affiliations

    • Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

References 

  1. Fischer G, Rogers M. Vulvar disease in children: a clinical audit of 130 cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17(1):1–6
  2. Echeverria Fernandez M, Lopez Menchero Oliva JC, Maranon Pardillo R, et al. Isolation of group a beta-hemolytic Streptococcus in children with perianal dermatitis. Ann Pediatr. 2006;64(2):153–157
  3. Stricker T, Navratil F, Sennhauser FH. Vulvovaginitis in prepubertal girls. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:324–326
  4. Jaquiery A, Stylianopoulos A, Hogg G, et al. Vulvovaginitis: clinical features, aetiology, and microbiology of the genital tract. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81:64–67
  5. Reed BD, Cantor LE. Vulvodynia in preadolescent girls. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2008;12(4):257–261
  6. Greenstein A, Sarig J, Chen J, et al. Childhood nocturnal enuresis in vulvar vestibulits syndrome. J Reprod Med. 2005;50(1):49–52
  7. Gerstner GJ, Grunberger W, Boschitsch E, et al. Vaginal organisms in prepubertal children with and without vulvovaginitis. A vaginoscopic study. Arch Gynecol. 1982;231(3):247–252
  8. Hill GB, St Claire KK, Gutman LT. Anaerobes predominate among the vaginal microflora of prepubertal girls. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20(Suppl. 2):S269–S270
  9. Ankirskaia AS, Uvarova EV, Murav'eva VV, et al. Specific features of normal vaginal microflora in girls of preschool age. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2004;4:54–58
  10. Cuadros J, Mazon A, Martinez R, et al. The aetiology of paediatric inflammatory vulvovaginits. Eur J Ped. 2004;163(2):105–107
  11. Mac Farlane DE, Sharma DP. Haemophilus influenzae and genital tract infections in children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1987;76:363–364
  12. Pierce AM, Hart CA. Vulvovaginits: causes and management. Arch Dis Child. 1992;67:509
  13. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. The physical signs of child sexual abuse. Suffolk, Lavenham; 2008. pp. 119–43.
  14. Goodyear-Smith F. What is the evidence for nonsexual transmission of gonorrhea in children after the neonatal period? A systematic review. J Forensic Leg Med. 2007;14:489–502
  15. Hammerschlang MR. Chlamydial infection. J Pediatr. 1989;114:727–734
  16. Adams JA, Kaplan AR, Starling SP, et al. Guidelines for medical care of children who may have been sexually abused. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20:163–172
  17. Myrhe AK, Dalen A, Berntzen K, et al. Anogenital human papillomavirus in non-abused preschool children. Acta Paediatr. 2003;92(12):1445–1452
  18. Adams JA. Guidelines for medical care of children evaluated for suspected medical abuse: an update for 2008. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;20:435–441
  19. Hansen MT, Sanchez VT, Eyster K, et al. Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngeal colonization resulting in recurrent, prepubertal vulvovaginitis. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20:315–317
  20. Tacconelli E. Antimicrobial use: risk driver of multidrug resistant microorganisms in healthcare settings. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009;22:951–955
  21. Van Neer PA, Korver CRW. Constipation presenting as recurrent vulvovaginits in prepubertal children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:718–719
  22. CDC . Sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/rr55112006;
  23. Barry PM, Klausner JD. The use of cephalosporins for gonorrhea: the impending problem of resistance. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10(4):555–577
  24. Sidbury R. What's new in pediatric dermatology: update for the paediatrician. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004;16(4):410–414

PII: S1521-6934(09)00124-2

doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.09.010

Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Volume 24, Issue 2 , Pages 129-137 , April 2010

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