Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Volume 22, Issue 6 , Pages 1103-1117 , December 2008

The retained placenta

  • Andrew D. Weeks, MD MRCOG (Senior Lecturer in Obstetrics)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +44 151 702 4240; Fax: +44 151 702 4024.

References 

  1. Munro Kerr JM. Maternal mortality and morbidity. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone; 1933;pp 32–3
  2. Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths (CEMD) . Why mothers die. 1997–1999. London: RCOG Press; 2001;
  3. Gordon JE, Gideon H, Wyon JB. Midwifery practices in rural Punjab, India. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1965;93:734–742
  4. Harrison KA. Childbearing, health and social priorities: survey of 22,774 consecutive hospital births in Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92(Suppl. 5):100–115
  5. Weeks AD, Mirembe FM. The retained placenta – new insights into an old problem (editorial). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002;102:109–110
  6. EUPHRATES Group (European Project on obstetric Haemorrhage Reduction: Attitudes, Trial and Early Warning System) . European consensus on prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. In:  B-Lynch C,  Keith LG,  Lalonde AB,  Karoshi M editor. A textbook of postpartum hemorrhage. Duncow: Sapiens Publishing; 2006;p. 109–113Available from: www.euphrates.inserm.fr
  7. Hidar S, Jennane TM, Bouguizane S, et al. The effect of placental removal method at cesarean delivery on perioperative hemorrhage: a randomized clinical trial ISRCTN 49779257. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;117(2):179–182
  8. Combs CA, Laros RK. Prolonged third stage of labour: morbidity and risk factors. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;77:863–867
  9. Magann EF, Evans S, Chauhan SP, et al. The length of the third stage of labor and the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(2):290–293
  10. Carroli G, Bergel E. Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(Issue 4):Art. No.: CD001337
  11. Bider D, Dulitzky M, Goldenberg M, et al. Intraumbilical vein injection of prostaglandin F2alpha in RP. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1996;64:59–61
  12. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (NCCWCH) . Intrapartum care. Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth. London: RCOG Press; 2007;
  13. WHO . Pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and newborn care: a guide for essential practice. pp B11 2nd edn.. Geneva: WHO; 2006;
  14. Prendiville WJ, Elbourne D, McDonald S. Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(Issue 3):Art. No.: CD000007
  15. Rogers J, Wood J, McCandlish R, et al. Active versus expectant management of third stage of labour: the Hinchingbrooke randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1998;351:693–699
  16. Miller DA, Chollet JA, Goodwin TM. Clinical risk factors for placenta previa-placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:210–214
  17. Palcaios Jaraquemada JM. Diagnosis and management of placenta accreta. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol.
  18. Hall MH, Halliwell R, Carr-Hill R. Concomitant and repeated happenings of complications of the third stage of labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92:732–738
  19. Adelusi B, Soltan MH, Chowdhury N, et al. Risk of retained placenta: multivariate approach. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1997;76:414–418
  20. Begley CM. A comparison of ‘active’ and ‘physiological’ management of the third stage of labour. Midwifery. 1990;6:3–17
  21. Hammar M, Boström K, Borgvall B. Comparison between the influence of methylergometrine and oxytocin on the incidence of retained placenta in the third stage of labour. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1990;30:91–93
  22. Green LK, Harris RE. Uterine abnormalities. Frequency of diagnosis and associated obstetric complications. Obstet Gynecol. 1976;47:427–429
  23. Golan A, Raziel A, Pansky M, et al. Manual removal of the placenta - its role in intrauterine adhesion formation. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1996;41:450–451
  24. Herman A, Weinraub Z, Bukovsky I, et al. Dynamic ultrasonographic imaging of the third stage of labor: new perspectives into third stage mechanism. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168:1496–1499
  25. Deyer TW, Ashton-Miller JA, Van Baren PM, et al. Myometrial contractile strain at uteroplacental separation during parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:156–159
  26. Weeks AD. The retained placenta. In:  Studd J editors. Progress in obstetrics and gynaecology. vol.16:Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2004;
  27. Weeks AD. Placental influences on the rate of labour progression: a pilot study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003;106:158–159
  28. Soltani H, Dickinson F, Symonds I. Placental cord drainage after spontaneous vaginal delivery as part of the management of the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(Issue 4):Art. No.: CD004665
  29. Peña-Martí G, Comunián-Carrasco G. Fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(Issue 4):Art. No.: CD005462
  30. Nardin JM, Carroli G, Weeks AD, et al. Umbilical vein injection for the routine management of third stage of labour. (Protocol). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(Issue 4):Art. No.: CD006176
  31. Kore S, Srikristna S, Hedge A, et al. Active management of third stage of labour with intraumbilical oxytocin injection. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2000;50:54–55
  32. Bullough CH, Msuku RS, Karonde L. Early suckling and postpartum haemorrhage: controlled trial in deliveries by traditional birth attendants. Lancet. 1989;8662:522–525
  33. Gulmezoglu AM, Villar J, Ngoc NT, et al. WHO multicentre randomised trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour. Lancet. 2001;358(9283):689–695
  34. van Beekhuizen HJ, de Groot AN, De Boo T, et al. Sulprostone reduces the need for the manual removal of the placenta in patients with retained placenta: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(2):446–450
  35. Pipingas A, Hofmeyr GJ, Sesel KR. Umbilical vessel oxytocin administration for retained placenta: in-vitro study of various infusion techniques. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168:793–795
  36. Weeks A, Mirembe F, Alfirevic Z. The release trial: a randomised controlled trial of umbilical vein oxytocin versus placebo for the treatment of retained placenta. BJOG. 2005;112(10):1458
  37. Rogers MS, Yuen PM, Wong S. Avoiding manual removal of placenta: evaluation of intra-umbilical injection of uterotonics using the Pipingas technique for management of adherent placenta. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(1):48–54
  38. Dufour P, Vinatier D, Puech F. The use of intravenous nitroglycerin for cervico-uterine relaxation: a review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1997;261(1):1–7
  39. Bullarbo M, Tjugum J, Ekerhovd E. Sublingual nitroglycerin for management of retained placenta. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005;91(3):228–232Erratum in: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006; 92(3): 337
  40. Atkinson MW, Owen J, Wren A, et al. The effect of manual removal of the placenta on post-cesarean endometritis. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:99–102
  41. Ely JW, Rijhsinghani A, Bowdler NC, et al. The association between manual removal of the placenta and postpartum endometritis following vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86:1002–1006
  42. Chhabra S, Dhorey M. Retained placenta continues to be fatal but frequency can be reduced. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;22(6):630–633
  43. Onwudiegwu U, Makinde ON. Retained placenta: a cause of reproductive morbidity in Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;19(4):355–359
  44. Harrison KA. Mode of delivery with notes on rupture of the gravid uterus and vesicovaginal fistula. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92(Suppl. 5):61–71
  45. Sheiner E, Levy A, Mazor M. Precipitate labor: higher rates of maternal complications. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;116(1):43–47
  46. Dombrowski MP, Bottoms SF, Saleh AA, et al. Third stage of labor: analysis of duration and clinical practice. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1279–1284
  47. Titiz H, Wallace A, Voaklander DC. Manual removal of the placenta–a case control study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;41(1):41–44
  48. Zhou W, Nielsen GL, Larsen H, et al. Induced abortion and placenta complications in the subsequent pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80:1115–1120
  49. Calderdale L, Dalle NF, Franzoi R, et al. Éutile la somministrazione di ossitocina nella vena ombilicale per il trttamento della placenta ritenuta?. G Ital Ostet Ginecol. 1994;16(5):283–286Quoted in: Carroli G, Bergel E. Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001337. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001337
  50. Hansen P, Jorgensen L, Dueholm M, et al. Intraumbilical oxytocin in the treatment of retained placenta. Ugeskr Laeger. 1987;149:3318–3319Quoted in: Carroli G, Bergel E. Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001337. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001337
  51. Frappell JM, Pearce JM, McParland P. Intra-umbilical vein oxytocin in the management of retained placenta: a random, prospective, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;8:322–324
  52. Huber MGP, Wildschut HIJ, Boer K, et al. Umbilical vein administration of oxytocin for the mangement of retained placenta: it is effective?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164:1216–1219
  53. Selinger M, Mackenzie IZ, Dunlop P, et al. Intra-umbilical vein oxytocin in the management of retained placenta. A double blind placebo controlled study. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;7:115–117
  54. Kristiansen FV, Frost L, Kaspersen P, et al. The effect of oxytocin injection into the umbilical vein for the management of retained placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;156:979–980
  55. Gazvani MR, Luckas MJM, Drakeley AJ, et al. Intraumbilical oxytocin for the management of retained placenta: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:203–207
  56. Carroli G, Belizan JM, Grant A, et al. For the Grupo Argentino de Estudio de Placenta Retenida. Intra-umbilical vein injection and retained placenta: evidence from a collaborative large randomised controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105:179–185
  57. Wilken-Jensen C, Strom V, Nielsen MD, et al. Removing placenta by oxytocin - a controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:155–156

PII: S1521-6934(08)00096-5

doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.07.005

Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Volume 22, Issue 6 , Pages 1103-1117 , December 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution