Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 409-419 , June 2006

Human rights aspects of safe motherhood

  • Mahmoud F. Fathalla, MD, PhD (Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +20 88 233 48 20; Fax: +20 88 233 73 33.

References 

  1. Fathalla MF. The long road to maternal death. People. 1987;14:8–9
  2. World Health Organization . The World Health Report 2005. Make Every Mother and Child Count. Geneva: WHO; 2005;pp. 61–62
  3. World Health Organization . The World Health Report 2005. Make Every Mother and Child Count. Geneva: WHO; 2005;p. 10
  4. Lewis G, Drife J. Confidential Inquiry into Maternal and Child Health. Why Mothers Die 2000–2002. Sixth Report. Executive Summary and Key Findings. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gyneacologists Press; 2005;www.cemach.org.uk/publications.html(Accessed 7 August 2005)
  5. Fathalla MF. The tragedy of maternal mortality in developing countries: a health problem or a human rights issue?. NU Nyttom U-landshalsovard. 1993;7:4–6
  6. Fathalla MF. Guest editorial: Women have a right to safe motherhood. Plan Parent Chall. 1998;1:1–2
  7. Cook RJ, Dickens BM & Fathalla MF. Reproductive Health and Human Rights – Integrating Medicine, Ethics, and Law. London: Oxford University, pp. 393–401.
  8. United Nations . Universal Declaration of Human Rights. General Assembly Res. 217A(III) 1948;www.un.org/Overview/rights.html(accessed 29 July 2005)
  9. Cook RJ, Dickens BM & Fathalla MF. Reproductive Health and Human Rights – Integrating Medicine, Ethics, and Law. London: Oxford University, pp. 148–252.
  10. Cook RJ, Bevilacqua MBG. Invoking human rights to reduce maternal deaths. Lancet. 2004;363:73
  11. Fathalla MF. Reproductive rights and reproductive wrongs. Curr Women's Health Rep. 2001;1:169–170
  12. United Nations . Report of the International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 5–13 September 1994). New York: United Nations A/Conf.171/13 1994;Paragraph 7.1
  13. United Nations . International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 999 UNTS 17, Article 6(1) 1966;www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/b3ccpr.htm(accessed 29 July 2005)
  14. United Nations Human Rights Committee . General Comment No. 06, Right to Life (Article 6). 1982;www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/comment.htm(accessed 29 July 2005)
  15. United Nations Human Rights Committee . General Comment No. 28: Equality of Rights between Men and Women (Article 3). CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10 2000;www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/comment.htm(accessed 29 July 2005)
  16. World Health Organization . The World Health Report 2005. Make Every Mother and Child Count. Geneva: WHO; 2005;p. 61
  17. Fathalla MF. The Hubert de Watteville memorial lecture. Imagine a world where motherhood is safe for all women: you can help make it happen. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2001;72:207–213
  18. United Nations . International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 999 UNTS 17, Article 3 1966;www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/b3ccpr.htm(accessed 29 July 2005)
  19. United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). General Recommendation 24. www.unorg/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recom.htm#recom24; 1999 (accessed 29 July 2005).
  20. Fathalla MF. How much are mothers worth?. In:  Teoh E-S,  Ratnam S,  Macnaughton M editor. Proceedings of the XIII World Congress of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Singapore, 15–20 September 1991. Carnforth: Parthenon; 1992;p. 203–209
  21. United Nations. Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing, 4–15 September 1995). 1995;New York: United Nations A/Conf.177/20
  22. United Nations . International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 999 UNTS 17, Article 9 1966;www.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/b3ccpr.htm(accessed 29 July 2005)
  23. UN Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. www.unorg/womenwatch/daw/cedaw; 1979 (accessed 29 July 2005).
  24. Fathalla MF. The impact of reproductive subordination on women's health – family planning services. Am Univ Law Rev. 1995;44:1179–1190
  25. Marcton C, Cleland JC. Do unintended pregnancies carried to term lead to adverse outcomes for mother and child? An assessment in five developing countries. Popul Stud. 2003;57:77–93
  26. World Health Organization . The World Health Report 2005. Make Every Mother and Child Count. Geneva: WHO; 2005;pp. 50–51
  27. United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . General Comment 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Article 16). General Comment 14, UN ESCOR 2000, UN Doc. E/C. 12/2000/4 2000;www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/comments.htm(accessed 29 July 2005)
  28. World Health Organization . The World Health Report 2005. Make Every Mother and Child Count. Geneva: WHO; 2005;p. 91
  29. WHO , UNICEF , UNFPA . Maternal Mortality in 2000: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA. Geneva: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA; 2004;p. 2
  30. World Health Organization . The World Health Report 2005. Make Every Mother and Child Count. Geneva: WHO; 2005;p. 68
  31. Faúndes A, Hardy E, Pinotti JA. Commentary on women's reproductive health: means or end?. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1989;3:115–118
  32. Rosenfield A, Maine D. Maternal mortality – a neglected tragedy. Where is the M in MCH?. Lancet. 1985;2:83
  33. Fathalla F. The challenge to obstetricians. World Health. 1998;51:6–7
  34. Benagiano G, Fathalla MF, Lalonde A, Thomas B. The FIGO ‘Save the Mothers Initiative’. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2004;86:283–293
  35. Tsu VD. New and underused technologies to reduce maternal mortality. Lancet. 2004;363:75–76
  36. Graham W, Hussein J. Reproductive health and rights – the right to count. Lancet. 2004;363:67–68
  37. World Health Organization . Millenium Development Goals: WHO's Contribution to Tracking Progress and Measuring Achievements. WHO/EIP/HFS/03.1 Geneva: WHO; 2003;pp. 1–6
  38. UN Millennium Project 2005. Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. London: Earthscan; VA: Stirling; 2005. pp. 13–52.

PII: S1521-6934(05)00169-0

doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.11.004

Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 409-419 , June 2006